8. Anchor 框架集成

Anchor 是 Solana 上最流行的开发框架，它简化了程序开发流程。本章介绍如何在 Anchor 程序中集成代币操作。

8.1 Anchor 项目结构

创建新的 Anchor 项目：

bash
anchor init token-program
cd token-program

项目结构：

token-program/
├── Anchor.toml          # 项目配置
├── Cargo.toml
├── programs/
│   └── token-program/
│       ├── Cargo.toml
│       └── src/
│           └── lib.rs   # 主程序代码
├── tests/
│   └── token-program.ts # 测试文件
└── migrations/

8.2 在 Anchor 中创建代币

更新 programs/token-program/Cargo.toml 添加依赖：

toml
[dependencies]
anchor-lang = "0.30.1"
anchor-spl = "0.30.1"

编写程序代码：

rust
// programs/token-program/src/lib.rs
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
use anchor_spl::{
    token_2022::{self, Token2022, MintTo, Transfer},
    token_interface::{Mint, TokenAccount, TokenInterface},
    associated_token::AssociatedToken,
};

declare_id!("YOUR_PROGRAM_ID");

#[program]
pub mod token_program {
    use super::*;

    /// 创建新代币
    pub fn create_token(
        ctx: Context<CreateToken>,
        decimals: u8,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        msg!("代币创建成功！");
        msg!("Mint 地址: {}", ctx.accounts.mint.key());
        msg!("精度: {}", decimals);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// 铸造代币
    pub fn mint_tokens(
        ctx: Context<MintTokens>,
        amount: u64,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let cpi_accounts = MintTo {
            mint: ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info(),
            to: ctx.accounts.token_account.to_account_info(),
            authority: ctx.accounts.authority.to_account_info(),
        };

        let cpi_program = ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info();
        let cpi_ctx = CpiContext::new(cpi_program, cpi_accounts);

        token_2022::mint_to(cpi_ctx, amount)?;

        msg!("铸造 {} 代币到 {}", amount, ctx.accounts.token_account.key());
        Ok(())
    }

    /// 转账代币
    pub fn transfer_tokens(
        ctx: Context<TransferTokens>,
        amount: u64,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let cpi_accounts = Transfer {
            from: ctx.accounts.from.to_account_info(),
            to: ctx.accounts.to.to_account_info(),
            authority: ctx.accounts.authority.to_account_info(),
        };

        let cpi_program = ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info();
        let cpi_ctx = CpiContext::new(cpi_program, cpi_accounts);

        token_2022::transfer(cpi_ctx, amount)?;

        msg!("转账 {} 代币", amount);
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
#[instruction(decimals: u8)]
pub struct CreateToken<'info> {
    #[account(
        init,
        payer = payer,
        mint::decimals = decimals,
        mint::authority = payer,
        mint::freeze_authority = payer,
        mint::token_program = token_program,
    )]
    pub mint: InterfaceAccount<'info, Mint>,

    #[account(mut)]
    pub payer: Signer<'info>,

    pub token_program: Interface<'info, TokenInterface>,
    pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}

8.3 使用 PDA 作为权限

在实际应用中，常需要让程序自身控制代币的铸造或转账。这通过 PDA（程序派生地址）实现：

rust
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
use anchor_spl::{
    token_2022::{self, MintTo},
    token_interface::{Mint, TokenAccount, TokenInterface},
};

#[program]
pub mod vault {
    use super::*;

    /// 程序控制的铸造
    pub fn program_mint(
        ctx: Context<ProgramMint>,
        amount: u64,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        // 构建 PDA seeds
        let seeds = &[
            b"mint_authority",
            ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info().key.as_ref(),
            &[ctx.bumps.mint_authority],
        ];
        let signer_seeds = &[&seeds[..]];

        // 使用 PDA 签名进行 CPI 调用
        let cpi_accounts = MintTo {
            mint: ctx.accounts.mint.to_account_info(),
            to: ctx.accounts.token_account.to_account_info(),
            authority: ctx.accounts.mint_authority.to_account_info(),
        };

        let cpi_ctx = CpiContext::new_with_signer(
            ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info(),
            cpi_accounts,
            signer_seeds,
        );

        token_2022::mint_to(cpi_ctx, amount)?;

        Ok(())
    }
}