6. Token Extensions (Token-2022)

6. Token Extensions (Token-2022)

Token Extensions（也称 Token-2022）是 SPL Token 的升级版本，提供了更多高级功能。它是一个独立的程序，与原始 Token Program 并行存在。

6.1 概述

Token-2022 程序地址：TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb

主要扩展功能：

扩展功能应用场景
Transfer Fee每笔转账自动收取手续费协议收入、通缩机制
Interest Bearing代币余额自动计息储蓄产品、收益代币
Non-Transferable禁止转让的灵魂绑定代币身份凭证、成就徽章
Permanent Delegate永久委托权限合规代币、可撤销资产
Transfer Hook转账时触发自定义逻辑版税、合规检查
Metadata链上存储代币元数据无需 Metaplex 的轻量方案
Confidential Transfer隐藏交易金额隐私交易

6.2 创建带扩展的代币

以下示例展示如何创建带有转账手续费的代币：

tsx
// create-token-with-fee.ts
import {
    ExtensionType,
    createInitializeMintInstruction,
    createInitializeTransferFeeConfigInstruction,
    getMintLen,
    TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import {
    Connection,
    Keypair,
    SystemProgram,
    Transaction,
    sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function createTokenWithTransferFee() {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mintKeypair = Keypair.generate();

    // 配置参数
    const decimals = 6;
    const feeBasisPoints = 100;  // 1% 手续费 (100 / 10000)
    const maxFee = BigInt(1_000_000);  // 最大手续费：1 个代币

    // 计算 Mint 账户所需空间（包含扩展）
    const extensions = [ExtensionType.TransferFeeConfig];
    const mintLen = getMintLen(extensions);

    // 计算租金
    const lamports = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(mintLen);

    console.log('创建带转账手续费的代币...');
    console.log('Mint 账户大小:', mintLen, 'bytes');
    console.log('手续费率:', feeBasisPoints / 100, '%');

    // 构建交易
    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
        // 创建账户
        SystemProgram.createAccount({
            fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
            newAccountPubkey: mintKeypair.publicKey,
            space: mintLen,
            lamports,
            programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
        }),
        // 初始化转账手续费配置
        createInitializeTransferFeeConfigInstruction(
            mintKeypair.publicKey,
            payer.publicKey,  // 手续费收取权限
            payer.publicKey,  // 手续费提取权限
            feeBasisPoints,
            maxFee,
            TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
        ),
        // 初始化 Mint
        createInitializeMintInstruction(
            mintKeypair.publicKey,
            decimals,
            payer.publicKey,  // Mint Authority
            null,             // Freeze Authority
            TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
        )
    );

    // 发送交易
    const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
        connection,
        transaction,
        [payer, mintKeypair]
    );

    console.log('创建成功！');
    console.log('Mint 地址:', mintKeypair.publicKey.toBase58());
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);

    return mintKeypair.publicKey;
}

createTokenWithTransferFee();

6.3 使用 Token-2022 进行转账

使用 Token-2022 代币时，需要显式指定程序 ID：

tsx
// transfer-token-2022.ts
import {
    getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
    transfer,
    TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    getTransferFeeAmount,
    getMint
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import { PublicKey } from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function transferWithFee(
    mintAddress: string,
    recipientWallet: string,
    amount: number
) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);
    const recipient = new PublicKey(recipientWallet);

    // 获取 Mint 信息（使用 Token-2022 程序）
    const mintInfo = await getMint(
        connection,
        mint,
        'confirmed',
        TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
    );

    const rawAmount = BigInt(amount * (10 ** mintInfo.decimals));

    // 创建 Token Accounts（指定 Token-2022 程序）
    const sourceAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        payer.publicKey,
        false,
        'confirmed',
        undefined,
        TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
    );

    const destinationAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        recipient,
        false,
        'confirmed',
        undefined,
        TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
    );

    // 计算转账手续费
    const fee = getTransferFeeAmount(
        mintInfo,
        rawAmount,
        'newerTransferFee'
    );

    console.log('转账金额:', amount);
    console.log('预计手续费:', fee?.fee.toString() || '0');
    console.log('接收方实收:', (rawAmount - (fee?.fee || 0n)).toString());

    // 执行转账
    const signature = await transfer(
        connection,
        payer,
        sourceAccount.address,
        destinationAccount.address,
        payer,
        rawAmount,
        undefined,
        undefined,
        TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
    );

    console.log('转账成功！');
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);
}

6.4 元数据扩展

Token-2022 允许将元数据直接存储在 Mint 账户中，无需依赖外部程序：

tsx
// create-token-with-metadata.ts
import {
    ExtensionType,
    createInitializeMintInstruction,
    createInitializeMetadataPointerInstruction,
    getMintLen,
    TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
    TYPE_SIZE,
    LENGTH_SIZE,
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import {
    createInitializeInstruction,
    createUpdateFieldInstruction,
    pack,
    TokenMetadata,
} from '@solana/spl-token-metadata';
import {
    Keypair,
    SystemProgram,
    Transaction,
    sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function createTokenWithMetadata() {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mintKeypair = Keypair.generate();

    // 定义元数据
    const metadata: TokenMetadata = {
        mint: mintKeypair.publicKey,
        name: 'Solana University Token',
        symbol: 'SOLU',
        uri: 'https://example.com/token-metadata.json',
        additionalMetadata: [
            ['description', 'Solana 大学学习代币'],
            ['website', 'https://academy.soldevcamp.com']
        ],
    };

    // 计算元数据大小
    const metadataExtension = TYPE_SIZE + LENGTH_SIZE;
    const metadataLen = pack(metadata).length;

    // 计算 Mint 账户所需空间
    const extensions = [ExtensionType.MetadataPointer];
    const mintLen = getMintLen(extensions) + metadataExtension + metadataLen;

    const lamports = await connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(mintLen);

    console.log('创建带元数据的代币...');
    console.log('代币名称:', metadata.name);
    console.log('代币符号:', metadata.symbol);

    const transaction = new Transaction().add(
        // 创建账户
        SystemProgram.createAccount({
            fromPubkey: payer.publicKey,
            newAccountPubkey: mintKeypair.publicKey,
            space: mintLen,
            lamports,
            programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
        }),
        // 初始化元数据指针
        createInitializeMetadataPointerInstruction(
            mintKeypair.publicKey,
            payer.publicKey,
            mintKeypair.publicKey,  // 元数据存储在 Mint 账户自身
            TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
        ),
        // 初始化 Mint
        createInitializeMintInstruction(
            mintKeypair.publicKey,
            6,
            payer.publicKey,
            null,
            TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
        ),
        // 初始化元数据
        createInitializeInstruction({
            programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
            mint: mintKeypair.publicKey,
            metadata: mintKeypair.publicKey,
            name: metadata.name,
            symbol: metadata.symbol,
            uri: metadata.uri,
            mintAuthority: payer.publicKey,
            updateAuthority: payer.publicKey,
        })
    );

    // 添加自定义字段
    for (const [key, value] of metadata.additionalMetadata) {
        transaction.add(
            createUpdateFieldInstruction({
                programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
                metadata: mintKeypair.publicKey,
                updateAuthority: payer.publicKey,
                field: key,
                value: value,
            })
        );
    }

    const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
        connection,
        transaction,
        [payer, mintKeypair]
    );

    console.log('创建成功！');
    console.log('Mint 地址:', mintKeypair.publicKey.toBase58());
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);
}

createTokenWithMetadata();

6.5 Token Program vs Token-2022 如何选择

考虑因素Token ProgramToken-2022
生态兼容性广泛支持支持增长中，部分 DeFi 协议尚未完全支持
功能需求基础转账、铸造、销毁需要手续费、元数据扩展等高级功能
Gas 成本略低略高（扩展需要更多计算）
适用场景通用代币合规代币、收益代币、SBT

建议：如果不需要 Token-2022 的特殊功能，优先使用原始 Token Program 以获得最广泛的兼容性。

Playground
EDITOR ACTIVE
Initializing TS Environment...

Token-2022 扩展实验室

Mint Account

Token Configuration

Token-2022 Program
No extensions active. Behaves like standard SPL Token.
Sender
5000
Receiver
0