5. SDK 编程实战

5. SDK 编程实战

本章使用 JavaScript/TypeScript 和最新版本的 @solana/spl-token 包进行代币编程。

5.1 项目初始化

创建新项目并安装依赖：

bash
mkdir solana-token-demo && cd solana-token-demo
npm init -y
npm install @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token

创建基础配置文件：

tsx
// config.ts
import { Connection, Keypair, clusterApiUrl } from '@solana/web3.js';
import fs from 'fs';

// 连接到 Devnet
export const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl('devnet'), 'confirmed');

// 从文件加载钱包（与 CLI 使用相同的密钥）
export function loadWallet(): Keypair {
    const secretKey = JSON.parse(
        fs.readFileSync(`${process.env.HOME}/.config/solana/id.json`, 'utf-8')
    );
    return Keypair.fromSecretKey(new Uint8Array(secretKey));
}

// 辅助函数：格式化代币数量
export function formatTokenAmount(amount: bigint, decimals: number): string {
    const divisor = BigInt(10 ** decimals);
    const integerPart = amount / divisor;
    const fractionalPart = amount % divisor;

    if (fractionalPart === 0n) {
        return integerPart.toString();
    }

    const fractionalStr = fractionalPart.toString().padStart(decimals, '0');
    return `${integerPart}.${fractionalStr.replace(/0+$/, '')}`;
}

5.2 创建代币

tsx
// create-token.ts
import { createMint } from '@solana/spl-token';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function createToken() {
    const payer = loadWallet();

    console.log('创建新代币...');
    console.log('钱包地址:', payer.publicKey.toBase58());

    // 创建 Mint 账户
    const mint = await createMint(
        connection,           // 连接
        payer,               // 支付交易费用和租金的账户
        payer.publicKey,     // Mint Authority（铸币权限）
        payer.publicKey,     // Freeze Authority（冻结权限），可设为 null
        6                    // 小数位数
    );

    console.log('代币创建成功！');
    console.log('Mint 地址:', mint.toBase58());

    return mint;
}

createToken()
    .then(() => process.exit(0))
    .catch((err) => {
        console.error('错误:', err);
        process.exit(1);
    });

5.3 获取或创建 ATA

tsx
// create-ata.ts
import {
    getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
    getAssociatedTokenAddress
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import { PublicKey } from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function getOrCreateATA(mintAddress: string) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);

    // 方法一：只计算 ATA 地址（不创建）
    const ataAddress = await getAssociatedTokenAddress(
        mint,
        payer.publicKey
    );
    console.log('计算得出的 ATA 地址:', ataAddress.toBase58());

    // 方法二：获取或创建 ATA（如果不存在则创建）
    const tokenAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,              // 支付方
        mint,               // 代币 Mint
        payer.publicKey     // ATA 所有者
    );

    console.log('Token Account 地址:', tokenAccount.address.toBase58());
    console.log('当前余额:', tokenAccount.amount.toString());

    return tokenAccount;
}

// 使用方式：npx ts-node create-ata.ts <MINT_ADDRESS>
const mintAddress = process.argv[2];
if (!mintAddress) {
    console.error('请提供 Mint 地址作为参数');
    process.exit(1);
}

getOrCreateATA(mintAddress);

5.4 铸造代币

tsx
// mint-tokens.ts
import { mintTo, getMint, getAccount } from '@solana/spl-token';
import { PublicKey } from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet, formatTokenAmount } from './config';

async function mintTokens(
    mintAddress: string,
    destinationAddress: string,
    amount: number
) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);
    const destination = new PublicKey(destinationAddress);

    // 获取 Mint 信息以确定精度
    const mintInfo = await getMint(connection, mint);

    // 将用户输入的数量转换为底层数值
    const rawAmount = BigInt(amount * (10 ** mintInfo.decimals));

    console.log('铸造代币...');
    console.log('数量:', amount);
    console.log('底层数值:', rawAmount.toString());

    // 执行铸造
    const signature = await mintTo(
        connection,
        payer,              // 支付方
        mint,               // Mint 地址
        destination,        // 接收账户（Token Account，不是钱包地址）
        payer,              // Mint Authority
        rawAmount           // 数量（底层数值）
    );

    console.log('铸造成功！');
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);

    // 查询更新后的信息
    const updatedMint = await getMint(connection, mint);
    const destinationAccount = await getAccount(connection, destination);

    console.log('当前总供应量:', formatTokenAmount(updatedMint.supply, mintInfo.decimals));
    console.log('接收账户余额:', formatTokenAmount(destinationAccount.amount, mintInfo.decimals));
}

// 使用方式：npx ts-node mint-tokens.ts <MINT> <TOKEN_ACCOUNT> <AMOUNT>
mintTokens(process.argv[2], process.argv[3], Number(process.argv[4]));

5.5 转账

tsx
// transfer.ts
import {
    transfer,
    getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
    getMint
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import { PublicKey } from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function transferTokens(
    mintAddress: string,
    recipientWallet: string,
    amount: number
) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);
    const recipient = new PublicKey(recipientWallet);

    // 获取精度
    const mintInfo = await getMint(connection, mint);
    const rawAmount = BigInt(amount * (10 ** mintInfo.decimals));

    // 获取发送方的 Token Account
    const sourceAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        payer.publicKey
    );

    // 获取或创建接收方的 Token Account
    // 注意：这里创建账户的费用由 payer 支付
    const destinationAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        recipient  // 接收方的钱包地址（不是 Token Account）
    );

    console.log('发送方 Token Account:', sourceAccount.address.toBase58());
    console.log('接收方 Token Account:', destinationAccount.address.toBase58());
    console.log('转账数量:', amount);

    // 执行转账
    const signature = await transfer(
        connection,
        payer,                      // 支付方 & 签名者
        sourceAccount.address,      // 发送方 Token Account
        destinationAccount.address, // 接收方 Token Account
        payer,                      // 发送方所有者（签名）
        rawAmount
    );

    console.log('转账成功！');
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);
}

// 使用方式：npx ts-node transfer.ts <MINT> <RECIPIENT_WALLET> <AMOUNT>
transferTokens(process.argv[2], process.argv[3], Number(process.argv[4]));

5.6 授权与委托

授权机制允许你让第三方（如 DeFi 协议）在限额内使用你的代币：

tsx
// approve-delegate.ts
import {
    approve,
    revoke,
    getAccount,
    getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
    getMint
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import { PublicKey } from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function approveDelegate(
    mintAddress: string,
    delegateAddress: string,
    amount: number
) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);
    const delegate = new PublicKey(delegateAddress);

    const mintInfo = await getMint(connection, mint);
    const rawAmount = BigInt(amount * (10 ** mintInfo.decimals));

    // 获取 Token Account
    const tokenAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        payer.publicKey
    );

    // 授权给委托人
    const signature = await approve(
        connection,
        payer,
        tokenAccount.address,  // 被授权的 Token Account
        delegate,              // 委托人地址
        payer,                 // Token Account 所有者
        rawAmount              // 授权额度
    );

    console.log('授权成功！');
    console.log('委托人:', delegateAddress);
    console.log('授权额度:', amount);
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);

    // 验证授权状态
    const accountInfo = await getAccount(connection, tokenAccount.address);
    console.log('当前委托人:', accountInfo.delegate?.toBase58() || '无');
    console.log('委托额度:', accountInfo.delegatedAmount.toString());
}

async function revokeDelegate(mintAddress: string) {
    const payer = loadWallet();
    const mint = new PublicKey(mintAddress);

    const tokenAccount = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        payer.publicKey
    );

    // 撤销授权
    const signature = await revoke(
        connection,
        payer,
        tokenAccount.address,
        payer
    );

    console.log('已撤销授权');
    console.log('交易签名:', signature);
}

5.7 批量操作与事务

将多个操作组合在一个原子事务中：

tsx
// batch-operations.ts
import {
    createMint,
    getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
    createMintToInstruction,
    createTransferInstruction,
    getMint
} from '@solana/spl-token';
import {
    Transaction,
    sendAndConfirmTransaction,
    Keypair,
    PublicKey
} from '@solana/web3.js';
import { connection, loadWallet } from './config';

async function batchMintAndTransfer() {
    const payer = loadWallet();

    // 第一步：创建代币
    console.log('1. 创建新代币...');
    const mint = await createMint(
        connection,
        payer,
        payer.publicKey,
        null,  // 不设置冻结权限
        6
    );
    console.log('Mint 地址:', mint.toBase58());

    // 第二步：创建发送方和接收方的 Token Account
    console.log('2. 创建 Token Accounts...');
    const senderATA = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        payer.publicKey
    );

    // 创建一个临时接收方
    const recipient = Keypair.generate();
    const recipientATA = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
        connection,
        payer,
        mint,
        recipient.publicKey
    );

    // 第三步：构建批量交易（铸造 + 转账）
    console.log('3. 构建批量交易...');
    const transaction = new Transaction();

    // 添加铸造指令：铸造 1000 个代币
    transaction.add(
        createMintToInstruction(
            mint,
            senderATA.address,
            payer.publicKey,  // Mint Authority
            1000_000_000n     // 1000 * 10^6
        )
    );

    // 添加转账指令：转 200 个给接收方
    transaction.add(
        createTransferInstruction(
            senderATA.address,
            recipientATA.address,
            payer.publicKey,
            200_000_000n      // 200 * 10^6
        )
    );

    // 发送交易
    console.log('4. 发送交易...');
    const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
        connection,
        transaction,
        [payer]
    );

    console.log('交易成功！');
    console.log('签名:', signature);
    console.log('发送方余额: 800');
    console.log('接收方余额: 200');
}

batchMintAndTransfer();
Playground
EDITOR ACTIVE
Initializing TS Environment...

区块链状态与控制台

Output Console
Ready to run script: create-token.ts
On-Chain Data
Mint Account
Not Created
Token Accounts
No accounts yet